其它七种贸易术语（EXW、FAS、DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU、DDP）
一、EXW
EX WORKS（…named place）--工厂交货（…指定地）是指卖方在其所在处所（工厂、工场、仓库等）将货物提供给买方时，即履行了交货义务。除非另有约定，卖方不负责将货物装上买方备妥的车辆，也不负责出口清关。买方负担自卖方所在处所提取货物至目的地所需的一切费用和风险。因此，这个术语是卖方负担最少义务（minimum obligation）的术语。
如买方不能直接或间接地办理出口手续，则不应使用本术语，而应使用FCA术语。
二、FAS
FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP（…named port of shipment）--船边交货（…指定装运港）是指卖方在装运港将货物放置码头或驳船上靠船边，即履行了交货义务。这是指买方必须自该时刻起，负担一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
FAS术语要求买方办理货物出口清关。如买方不能直接或间接地办理出口手续，则不应使用此术语。
本术语只适用于海运或内河运输。
三、DAF
DELIVERED AT FRONTIER（…named place）--边境交货（…指定地）是指卖方在毗邻国家关境前的边境指定地和地点提供了经出口清关的货物时，即履行了交货义务。边境一词可用于任何边境，包括出口国边境。因此，在这个术语中确切地指定有关边境的交货地和地点，是极为重要的。
本术语主要用于铁路或公路货物运输，也可适用于其他任何运输方式。
四、DES
DELIVERED EX SHIP（…named port of destination）--目的港船上交货（…指定目的港）是指卖方在指定的目的港船上向买方提供了未经进口清关的货物时，卖方即履行了交货义务。卖方必须负担货物运至指定目的港的一切费用和风险。
本术语只适用于海运或内河运输。
五、DEQ
DELIVERED EX QUAY（duty paid）（…named port of destination）--目的港码头交货（关税已付）（…指定目的港）是指卖方将货物运至指定目的港的码头，经进口清关，可供买方收取时，即履行了交货义务。卖方必须负担货物交至该处的一切风险和费用，包括关税、税捐和其他费用。
如果卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可证，本术语则不宜使用。
如果双方当事人愿由买方办理货物清关手续并支付关税，则应使用关税未付字句而不是关税已付，或采用DES术语。
如果双方要求排除卖方负担货物进口时支付某些费用的义务，如增值税（VAT），则应通过加注字句，如目的港码头交货，增值税未付（…指定目的港），以使之明确。
本术语只适用于海运或内河运输。
六、DDU
DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID（…named place of destination）--未完税交货（…指定目的地）是指卖方将货物运至进口国的指定地，可供买方收取时，即履行了交货义务。卖方必须负担货物运至该处的费用和风险（不包括关税、税捐和进口时所需支付的其他由当局收取的费用，以及办理海关手续费用和风险）。买方必须负担由于他未及时办理货物进口清关手续而引起的额外费用和风险。
如果双方当事人愿由卖方办理海关手续和负担由此引起的费用和风险，则应就此意思加注字句以使之明确。
如果双方当事人愿在卖方义务中包括货物进口时需支付的某些费用如增值税，则应就此意思加注字句，如未完税交货，增值税已付（…指定目的地），以使之明确。
本术语可适用于各种运输方式。
七、DDP
DELIVERED DUTY PAID（…named place of destination）--完税后交货（…指定目的地）是指卖方将货物运至进口国的指定地，可供买方收取时，即履行了交货义务。卖方必须负担货物运至该处的风险和费用，包括关税、税捐和其他费用，并办理货物进口的清关手续。与EXW相反，DDP是卖方负担最多义务（maximum obligation）的术语。
如果卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可证，则不应使用本术语。
如果双方当事人愿由买方办理货物进口的清关手续和支付关税，则应使用DDU术语。
如果双当事人愿从卖方的义务中排除货物进口时需支付的某些费用，如增值税，则应就此意思加注字句，如完税后交货，增值税未付（…指定目的地），以使之明确。 作者: 乏味 时间: 2003-8-4 22:36 标题: 进出口业务常识（资料暂时搁这里，大家别看，否则死机头晕别怪俺。） 国际贸易货物的交付
一. 交货时间
国际贸易中常用的FOB、CIF、CFR三种贸易术语都属于装运港交货，所以习惯上常把交货与装运等同。但要注意发生的例外情况。
1. 确定交货时间的方法
(1)规定在某月内装运
(2)规定在某月月底前装运
(3)规定在某月某日前装运
(4)规定在某几个连续月内装运
(5)规定在收到信用证或货款后若干时间内装运
(6)规定在合同签约后立即装运（即期装运或尽快装运）
2. 规定合同的交货时间应考虑的因素
(1)货源因素：即货源是否可满足交货时间。
(2)运输因素：货物是否能按期运到合同规定的装运地点按时装运。
(3)市场情况：有些货物的市场情况是随季节（或时间）变化的，应予注意。
(4)商品情况：商品的防潮防热等特点应考虑季节、航线地理等因素。
二. 港口条款
装运港：明确无误地规定装运港是制定合同的重要环节。
目的港：目的港通常由买方提出经买卖双方同意而确定。
应注意：
1．不能接受我国政府不允许进行贸易的国家或地区的港口为目的港。
2．对目的港的规定必须明确具体，一般不要使用欧洲主要港口、非洲主要港口等笼统的字句。因为国际上对此并无统一的解释，而不同港口的装卸条件、运费和附加费，也可能有很大差别。
3．货物运往没有直达船或虽有直达船而航次很少的港口，合同中应规定允许转船的条款，以利装运。
4．目的港必须是船舶可以安全停泊的港口。
5．对内陆国家的贸易，一般应选择距离该国最近的、能够安排船舶的港口为目的港。除作联运承运人能够接受全程运输，一般不可接受以内陆城市为目的地的安排。
6．目的港港口名称重名问题。世界各国港口重名的很多。凡有重名的港口，应加注国名，在同一个国家有同名港的，则还须加注港口所在国的部位。
7．目的港为选择港的情况。有的进口商在磋商交易时，还未找到他们准备接货的目的港。因此，有时可考虑采用规定选择港的做法。但核算售价须按运费最高的港口为基础，选择港必须以同一航线的班轮寄航港为限，并应明确选择港附加费由买方负担或计入货价；选择港的数目一般不超过3个。采用选择港时，买方必须在轮船驶抵第一个选择港前，按船公司规定的时间，将最后确定的卸货目的港通知该港的船公司或其代理人，否则，船方有权在任何一个选择港卸货。
三. 分批装运与转运
分批装运和转运，直接关系到买卖双方的权益，因此能否分批和转运，往往是出口销售合同中交货条款的重要内容，而且需要在磋商交易时就明确，采用国际多式联合运输时，则必须允许转运。一般来说，允许分批和转运对卖方来说比较主动（明确规定分期数量者除外）。根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定，除非信用证作相反规定，否则可准许分批装运和转运。但销售合同中如对分批和转运不作规定，按国外法律，则不等于可以分批装运和转运。因此，为了避免不必要的争议，除非买方坚持，原则上均应争取在销售合同中订入允许分批和转运。国际货物销售合同中的分批装运和转运条款通常与装运时间结合起来订立。
四. 货运单据
出口合同中的单证条款，一般只规定卖方提交单证的名称，有的还规定各种单证的份数，个别的还规定各类单证的具体内容和要求。
例如：
单证：卖方提交下列单证向银行议付：
(1)全套清洁已装船提单；
(2)发票三份；
(3)中国商品检验局出具的品质检验证书和重设检验证书；
(4)保险单。 作者: 乏味 时间: 2003-8-4 22:37 标题: 进出口业务常识（资料暂时搁这里，大家别看，否则死机头晕别怪俺。） 寄售协议
Agreement of Consignment
ABC公司，注册地在中国上海**（以下称寄售人），与XYZ公司，注册地在**（以下称代售人），按下列条款签订本协议：
This Agreement is entered into between ABC Co. (hereinafter referred to as the Consignor), having its registered office at _______, Shanghai, China and XYZ CO. (hereinafter referred to as the Consignee), having its registered office at_______, on the following terms and conditions:
1. 寄售人将不断地把**（货物）运交给代售人代售。货物价格为市场CIF市价，约隔90天运交一次。
The Consignor shall from time to time ship ______________ (commodity) to the consignee on Consignment basis at the prevailing international market prices on CIF terms. The interval between each shipment shall be approximately ninety days.
2. 代售人在征得寄售人对价格、条款等到同意之后，必须尽力以最好价格出售寄售商品。
The Consignee must try to sell the consignments at the best possible prices after obtaining the approval of the Consignor as to price, terms, etc.
3. 开始阶段，每次船运货物的价格不得超过**美元，代售人未偿付的货款不能超过**美元。
Each shipment by ship at the initial stage will not exceed U.S.D.________ and the outstanding liabilities on the Consignee shall be in the vicinity of not more than U.S.D. _______ only.
4. 寄售人对赊销造成的坏账不负任何责任，代售人在任何时候均负有支付寄售人货款的义务。
The Consignor shall at no time be responsible for any bad debts arising out of credit sales to any _______ buyers. Making payments to the Consignor shall at all times be the sole responsibility of the Consignee.
5. 代售人将接受寄售人开立的以代售人为付款人的90天远期汇票，年利*%
The Consignee shall accept the Bills of Exchange drawn by the Consignor on him at 90 days’’sight with interest payable at ________ % per annum.
6. 代售人以签字信托收据从寄售人银行换取包括提单在内的装运单据。
The Consignee shall collect the shipping documents including B/L from the Consignor’’s bank against Trust Receipt duly signed by the Consignee.
7. 寄售人负担货物售出之前的保险费和仓储费。
The Consignor shall absorb insurance premium and warehousing charges up to the date of delivery to customers.
8. 寄售人必须遵守**政府的规章。
The consignor shall observe the regulations of the government of _________.
9. 本协议英文正本两份，双方各持一份。
This Agreement is written in English, in two originals； each Party retains one copy.
双方确认上述内容，并于19**年5月*日签字立约，以资证明。
As a token of acceptance, both parties have set their respective hands on this ______ day of May ,19______ with understanding and knowledge of the contents stated hereinabove.
一、Courtesy 礼貌
语言要有礼且谦虚，及时地回信也是礼貌的表现。
例如：
We have received with many thanks your letter of 20 May, and we take the pleasure of sending you our latest catalog. We wish to draw your attention to a special offer which we have made in it.
You will be particularly interested in a special offer on page 5 of the latest catalog enclosed, which you requested in your letter of 20 May.
二、Consideration 体谅
写信时要处处从对方的角度去考虑有什么需求，而不是从自身出发，语气上更尊重对方。
例如：
You earn 2 percent discount when you pay cash. We will send you the brochure next month. 就比 We allow 2 percent discount for cash payment. We won’’t be able to send you the brochure this month. 要好。
三、Completeness 完整
一封商业信函应概况了各项必需的事项，如邀请信应说明时间、地点等，确忌寄出含糊不清的信件。
四、Clarity 清楚
意思表达明确，要注意：
（一）避免用词错误：
例如：As to the steamers sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.
此处bimonthly有歧义：可以是twice a month 或者once two month.故读信者就迷惑了，可以改写为：
1.We have two direct sailings every month from Hong Kong to San Francisco.
2.We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.
3.We have a direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.
（二）注意词语所放的位置：
例如：
1. We shall be able to supply 10 cases of the item only.
2. We shall be able to supply 10 cases only of the item.
前者则有两种商品以上的含义。
（三）注意句子的结构：
例如：
1.We sent you 5 samples yesterday of the goods which you requested in your letter of May 20 by air.
2.We sent you, by air, 5 samples of the goods which you requested in your letter of May 20.
五、Conciseness 简洁
（一）避免废话连篇：
例如：
1.We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter...可改为：We appreciate your letter...
2.Enclosed herewith please find two copies of...可改为: We enclose two copies of...
（二）避免不必要的重复：
（三）短句、单词的运用：
Enclosed herewith-----enclosed
at this time-----now
due to the fact that-----because
a draft in the amount of $1000-----a draft for $1000
Kee Co., Ltd
34 Regent Street
London, UK
Inside Address
收信人地址
Dear Sirs:
Salutation
称呼
We have obtained your name and address from DeeCo. Ltd, and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us.
We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, we are interested in extending our range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations.
If your prices are competitive we would expect to place volume orders on you.
兹 经 买 卖 双 方 同 意 按 下 列 条 款 成 交：
THE UNDERSIGNED SELLERS AND BUYERS HAVE AGREED TO CLOSE THE FOLLOWING TRANSACTIONS ACCORDING TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS STIPULATED BELOW：
货号
ART. NO. 品 名 及 规 格DESCRIPTION 数 量 QUANTITY 单 价
UNIT PRICE 金 额
AMOUNT 总值
TOTAL VALUE
1. 数量及总值均有 %的增减,由卖方决定。
WITH % MORE OR LESS BOTH IN AMOUNT AND QUANTITY ALLOWED AT THE SELLERS OPTION。
2. 包装（PACKING）：
3. 装运唛头（SHIPPING MARK）：
4. 装运期（TIME OF SHIPMENT）：
5. 装运口岸和目的地（LOADING DESTINATION）：
6. 保险由卖方按发票全额110%投保至**为止的**险。
INSURANCE： TO BE EFFECTED BY BUYERS FOR 110% OF FULL INVOICE VALUE COVERING ** UP TO ** ONLY.
7. 付款条件（PAYMENT）：买方须于**年**月**日将保兑的，不可撤销的，可转让可分割的即期信用证开到卖方。 信用证议付有效期延至上列装运期后15天在中国到期，该信用证中必须注明允许分运及转运。
BY COFIRMED，IRREVOCABLE,TRANSFERABLE AND DIVISIBLE L/C TO BE AVAILABLE BY SIGHT DRAFT TO REACH THE SELLERS BEFORE ** AND TO REMAIN VALID FOR NEGOTIATION IN CHINA UNTIL 15 DAYS AFTER THE AFORESAID TIME OF SHIPMENT. THE L/C MUST SPECIFY THAT TRANSIPMENT AND PARTIAL SHIPMENTS ARE ALLOWED.
8. 仲裁条款（ARBITRATE CLAUSES）：凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的争议，均应提交中国国际经济贸易委员会，按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁，仲裁地点在______，仲裁裁决是终局，对双方均有约束力。
ANY DISPUTE ARISING OUT OF IN CONNECTION WITH THIS CONTRACT SHALL BE REFERRED TO CHINA INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND TRADE ARBITRATION COMMISSION FOR ARBITRATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS EXISTING RULES OF ARBITRATION. THE PLACE OF ARBITRATION SHALL BE __________. THE ARBITRAL AWARD IS FINAL AND BINDING UPON THE TWO PARTIES.
兹买卖双方同意成交下列商品订立条款如下：
The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:
1.货物名称及规格
Name of Commodity and Specification
2. 数量
Quantity
3. 单价
Unit Price
4.金额
Amount
5.总值
Total Value
数量及总值均得有 %的增减，由卖方决定。
With % more or less both in amount and quantity allowed at the Seller’’s option.
6. 包装：
Packing：
7.装运期限 ： □ 收到可以转船及分批装运之信用证 天内装 出。
Time of Shipment: □ Within days after receipt of L/C allowing transhipment and partial shipment.
8. 装运口岸：
Port of Loading:
9. 目的港：
Port of Destination:
10.付款条件： □ 开给我方100%不可撤销即期付款及可转让可分割之信用证，并须注明可在上述装运日期后15天内在中国议付有效。
Terms of Payment: □ By 100% confirmed, Irrevocable, Transferable and Divisible Letter of Credit to be available by sight draft and to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the aforesaid Time of Shipment.
11.保险： □ 按中国保险条款，保综合险及战争险（不包括罢工险）。
Insurance: □ Covering all risks and war risk only (excluding S.R.C.C.) as per the China Insurance Clauses.
□ 由客户自理。
□ To be effected by the buyers.
12. 装 船 标 记：
Shipping Mark:
13. 双方同意以装运港中国进出口商品检验局签发的品质的数量（重量）检验证书作为信用证项下议付所提出单据的一部分。买方有权对货物的品质和数量（重量）进行复验，复验费由买方负担。如发现品质或数量（重量）与合同不符，买方有权向卖方索赔。但须提供经卖方同意的公证机构出具之检验报告。
It is mutually agreed that the Inspection Certificate of Quality (Weight) issued by the China Import and Export Commodity Ispection Bureau at the port of shipment shall be part of the documents to be presented for negotiation under the relevant L/C. The buyers shall have the right to reinspect the Quality and Quality (Weight) of the cargo. The
reinspection fee shall be borne by the Buyers. Should the Quality and/or Quantity (Weight) be found not in conformity with that of the contract, the Buyers are entitled to lodge with the Sellers a claim which should be supported by survey reports issued by a recognized Surveyer approved by the Sellers.
14. 备注
REMARKS：
(1) 买方须于 年 月 日前开到本批交易的信用证（或通知售方进口许可证号码），否则，售方有权不 经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本约未执行的全部或一部，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
The buyers shall have the covering Letter of Credit reach the Sellers (or notify the Import. License Number)before ________ otherwise the Sellers reserve the right to rescind without further notice or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyers, or to lodge a claim for lossees this sustained of any.
(2) 凡以CIF条件成交的业务，保额为发票的110%， 投保险别以本售货确认书中所开列的为限，买方要求增加保额或保险范围，应于装船前经售方同意，因此而增加的保险费由买方负责。
For transactions concluded on C.I.F.basis it is undrstood that the insurance amount will be for 110% of the invoice value against the risks specified in the Sales Confirmation. If additional Insurance amount of coverage is required, the buyers must have the consent of the Sellers before Shipment and the additional premium is to be borne by the buyers.
(3) 品质数量异议：如买方提出索赔，凡属品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起3个月内提出，凡属数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15在内提出，对所装运物所提任何异议属于保险公司、轮船公司及其他有关运输机构或邮递机构所负责者，售方不负任何责任。
QUATLITY/QUANTITY DISCREPANCY: In case of quality discrepancey, claim should be filed by the Buyers within 3 months after the arrival of the goods at port of destination, while of quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyers within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination. It is understood that the Sellers shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping company, other transportation, organization/or Post Office are liable.
(4) 本确认书所述全部或部分商品，如因人力不可抗拒的原因，以致不能履约或延迟交货，售方概不负责。
The Sellers shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Confirmation on consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.
(5) 买方开给售方的信用证上请填注本确认书号码。
The buyers are requested always to quote THE NUMBER OF THIS SALES CONFIRMATION in the Letter of Credit to be opened in favour of the Sellers.
(6) 仲裁： 凡因执行本合同或与本合同有关事项所发生的一切争执， 应由双方通过友好的方式协商解决。 如果不能取得协议时，则在被告国家根据被告仲裁机构的仲裁程序规则进行仲裁。仲裁决定是终局的，对双方具有同等约束力。仲裁费用除非仲裁机构另有决定外，均由败诉一方负担。
Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. If no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country. The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties. The arbitratio expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.
(7) 买方收到本售货确认书后立即签回一份，如买方对本确认书有异议，应于收到后5天内提出，否则认为买方已同意本确认书所规定的各项条款。
The Buyers are requested to sign and return one copy of this Sales Confirmation immediately after receipt of the same. Objection, if any, should be raise by the Buyers within five days after the receipt of this Sales Confirmation, in the absence of which it is understood that the Buyers have accepted the terms and conditions of the Sales Confirmation.