在新世纪的第一个十年,Lee de Forest往电子管的阳极和阴极之间插入一层栅格。利用这种新的元件,电路能够实现放大、振荡和开关。那些就是任何二进制电子电路的基本操作。利用电子管,工程师们认识到他们能够创建具有奇异灵敏度的无线电,通过几千英里的电缆发送语音,并在几毫秒内切换“0”和“1”。在第一次世界大战的四年期间,单单西电公司一家就为美国军队生产了500百万只电子管。到了1918年,美国一年的电子管产品就超过了一百万只,超过战前该数字的五倍。
评论: 本文来自电子工程专辑网站合作媒体美国CMP网站。
应读者要求,附上英文原文,供大家参考。
At the same time Morse was perfecting the telegraph, the first real electrical system, Rudolf Clausius codified the basic idea of the second law of thermodynamics, which has haunted the entire history of electronics. Multicore may or may not be a solution to MIPs/mW today, but put huge numbers of low-power CPUs on a single core and Clasius's law will surface yet again. I suspect that long before the transistor's 100th birthday entirely novel, low-entropy technologies will be invented. And those, too, will fall to inexorable thermal scaling problems.
Now, of course, FETs are the basis of the digital revolution. The speed problems were solved, and their extremely low power requirements made it possible to pack millions on to a single IC.
A three tube radio didn't generate all that much heat, but group 18,000 into a computer and the air conditioning system becomes a significant problem. The same holds true for all kinds of transistors: a single IC with hundreds of millions low-power FETs will thermally self-destruct. So, ironically once again, vendors are grappling with different technologies like multicore to get better MIPs per milliwatt ratios.
Ironically, some of the problems that plagued vacuum tubes and lead to their near-demise now haunt transistorized products. In 1946, all of the computer capability in the world consumed a few hundred kilowatts. Today a single server farm sucks many megawatts. in 2005 server farms worldwide needed the equivalent of 14 one-gigawatt power plants. Google's data center in The Dalles, Oregon reputedly has cooling towers four-stories tall.
Transistors come in many varieties, the field-effect transistor (FET) being the most important. Invented in 1960 (drawing on Shockley's work) by John Atalla, it was at first a novelty. RCA introduced a series of logic chips using FETs, but they were used only in specialty, low-power applications due to their low speed. Everyone knew the technology would never replace the much more useful junction transistor.