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onmouseover="this.title = $('recommendv_subtract').innerHTML + ' 人反对'"><i><img src="static/image/common/rec_subtract.gif" alt="反对" />反对<span id="recommendv_subtract">0</span></i></a> </div> </td> <td valign="top" class="album_side_r"> <div class="album_side"> <div class="hm mtn mbn"> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-37972.html" target="_blank" class="xi2"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=37972&size=small" /></a> <span class="tit_author"> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-37972.html">屋檐上的狗</a> </span> </div> <div class="date"><span>发布时间:</span> 2011-8-22 10:19</div> <div class="album_info"> <h3>正文摘要: </h3> <p>在高速率、大带宽的需求驱动下，电信网络得到了迅猛发展，但耗能问题也逐渐引起了运营商、通信设备商、业务提供商的广泛关注有预测显示，假如全国有1000个1.2P的路由器，其耗能将达1.5万兆功率，相当于一个核电站。 ...</p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="bm vw pl" id="comment"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <h2>回复</h2> </div> <div class="bm_c"> <div id="postlistreply" class="xld xlda mbm"><div id="post_new" class="viewthread_table" style="display: none"></div></div><div id="post_908053" class="xld xlda mbm"><dl class="bbda cl"> <dd class="m avt"><a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-37972.html"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=37972&size=small" /></a></dd> <dt> <span class="y xw0"> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-37972.html" target="_blank" class="xi2">屋檐上的狗</a><em id="author_908053"> 发表于</em> <span class="xg1 xw0">2011-8-22 10:19:44</span> </dt> <dd class="z"><div class="pcb"> <div class="t_fsz"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="t_f" id="postmessage_908053"> 核心网多层推进<br /> <br /> 核心网是电信网络的主要部分，具有覆盖范围广、传输距离长、数据量大、传输速率高的特点。骨干网耗能大约占总网络耗能的12%，预计2020年将达到20%。<br /> <br /> 首先，核心网的业务量在一天中不同时刻大小不同。当业务负载较低时，存在的暂停使用或利用率低的节点和链路，造成了能源的浪费。如何达到能效最大化，即如何尽可能多地关掉空闲节点和链路，是关键所在。这个问题即为NP难问题，通常采用MILP(Mixed Integer Linear Program)进行解决，但随着网络节点数的增加，MILP计算量会急剧增大，因此MILP只适应于小型网络。<br /> <br /> 针对大型网络，可以采用启发算法完成路由和波长分配，实现网络有效组件最小化。目前通常采用局部搜索、多空间搜索和全局搜索来处理NP难度问题。局部搜索算法是一类近似算法的通称，它从一个初始解开始，每一步在当前领域内找到一个更好的解，使目标函数逐步优化.直到不能进一步改进为止；多空间搜索算法采用搜索空间平滑技术来减小局部极小点数量；全局搜索算法，是指在全局搜索或全局优化中，采用特殊的变换模型将离散的布尔空间上的SAT问题转换成实空间上的“连续量SAT问题”，已知的全局优化方法有最速下降法、牛顿法、准牛顿法、割平面法、椭球体法、同伦法、布尔差分法等。<br /> <br /> 其次，核心网中的IP路由是主要耗能设备，其能耗约占全网能耗的90%，如何减小路由耗能也是核心网络节能要考虑的一个重要方面。<br /> <br /> 核心路由的线卡和机箱耗能是不可忽视的，线卡和机箱的配置不同导致能耗不同。一般机箱填充级别越高，节能越明显，也就是，高填充率的机箱比低填充率机箱每比特消耗能量少。<br /> <br /> 第三，核心网中呈现出多层网络结构，故其节能应考虑多层网络的综合耗能情况。由于大部分交换和传送设备的耗能在一定程度上取决于业务负载，因此涉及到多层流量疏导，以实现网络业务的最优化处理，以减小使用波长和ADM用量。目前流量疏导主要集中于静态业务方案下的WDM环形网络，通过建立普遍的流量疏导模型，利用启发算法来解决流量疏导以达到网络最优化。另外，经路由传输的IP包大小对其耗能也存在影响。即恒定比特业务传输时，IP包越大，耗能越小。<br /> <br /> 第四，传统的最佳路径选择依据为最小跳数，但最小跳数路径的节点被过度使用可能性大，因而造成网络耗能增加并影响网络寿命。因此，人们提出了能量感知路由，它将路径剩余能量也作为最佳路径选择的指标，以此降低网络耗能并延长网络寿命。能量感知路由有两种设计：一种是功率效率设计，即整合路由ASICs/FPGAs并提出一种可升级中心结构，使得路由耗能减小50%。另一种为功率节约设计，即减小额外的能耗，包含静态性能控制和动态性能控制两方面。静态性能控制可实现10%~20%的节能，动态性能控制可以根据到达业务量动态改变路由性能，是下一代路由发展的趋势。<br /> <br /> 城域网因地制宜<br /> <br /> 城域网界于局域网与广域网之间，它覆盖一个城市的地理范围，连接用户的业务聚合设备并和核心网直接相连。不同城域网所采用的网络技术也不同。在城域网的主要技术有SONET、WDM环、以太网等。其中城域WDM环形结构应用广泛。<br /> <br /> 针对单向WDM环形网络考虑3种结构：FG（First-Generaion）光网络，SH（single-hop）网络，MH（multi-hop）网络。在FG光网络中，每个节点流入流出业务都是电处理，包括中继业务；在SH网络中，当节点为源节点或是目的节点的时候才进行电处理；MH网络介于两者之间。当单向WDM环形网有着均匀的业务时，且连接速率接近波长容量，MH网络耗能比FG低 。当连接速率较低时，MH网络比SH网络更好，因为MH网络在业务复用方面更为灵活。<br /> <br /> 以太网节能问题的研究重点，主要在于降低以太网接口的能耗问题。在IEEE 802.3az工作组的工作中，为减小以太网能耗，工作组对高效以太网各种电子接口，包括1000BASE-T和10GBASE-T，进行了标准化处理。这方面研究的主要思路是：在负载较小时，通过降低端口速率甚至关闭端口来降低能耗。关于以太网能耗问题的研究将进一步削减以太网的运营成本，使得以太网逐步成为一项绿色技术。</td></tr></table> </div> <div id="comment_908053" class="cm"> </div> <div id="post_rate_div_908053"></div> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> new lazyload(); </script> <div class="wp mtn"> <!--[diy=diy3]--><div id="diy3" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> </div></div> </div> <!--autocomment filter by maxnum--> <div class="ft_wp"> <div id="ft" class=" cl"> <div id="flk" > <p> <a 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