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</div> </div><div class="pct"><style type="text/css">.pcb{margin-right:0}</style><div class="pcb"> <div class="t_fsz"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="t_f" id="postmessage_72917"> 美国发展军民两用技术实例<br /> <br /> <br /> 实例之一:先进的红外探测器系统 红外探测器在军事领域有着广泛的应用,目前研究人员不仅正在将新一代探测器应用于 导弹、红外搜索和跟踪设备、前视红外系统和高性能的武器瞄准具中,而且还考虑将其作为两 用技术应用于商业<a href="http://b.oecr.com/sell" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">产品</a>中,特别是焦平面阵列技术有着巨大的商业应用潜力。两用技术潜在的 应用可分为7个方面(如表1所示),包括生物医学自动记录温度计、非破坏性评估、预先维护、 过程控制、遥感、监视和运输。在这几方面红外探测器都有其独特的特性。另外,基于焦平面 阵列的红外摄像机比现有商用摄像机具有更高的可靠性,它无需昂贵的<a href="http://machine.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">机械</a>扫描装置,其性能 比较见表2。特别要指出的是凝视焦平面阵红外摄像机已开始步入商业市场，表3列出了红 外摄像机制造商及其商用产品。 在红外探测器的研制生产中,关键在于焦平面阵列的生产,如何降低制造成本是这一系统 需要解决的重要难题。因此,许多公司都在花费巨额投资研制生产焦平面阵列,其中包括休斯 Santa Barbara研究中心、Loral红外和成像系统公司、Rockwell光电中心、德克萨斯仪表公 司等,这些公司各自花了7500万～1亿美元建立了红外生产中心。预计第二代凝视型红外探 测器的市场应用到90年代末每年可达到22亿美元,具有可观的经济效益。 <br /> <br /> 实例之二:非制冷红外<a href="http://sensor.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">传感</a>器 非制冷红外传感器是TRP(美国实施技术再投资计划)中的竞选开发项目之一。ARPA (美国防部高级研究计划局)还就此于1994年5月5日在Arlington VA召开会议进行研讨。有 关专家对这项技术的特性、技术难点以及军事和商业的应用前景进行了广泛的探讨。 开发非制冷红外传感器的主要任务是研制出能工作在室温条件下的低成本红外传感器 样机(如图1所示),并且大部分用于军事,但同时又都具有商业价值的产品。 这种非制冷红外传感器的特点是成本低、尺寸小、重量轻、功率低,采用硅基探测器和 <a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>器件,具有视频输出、组合<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>、传感器融合等能力,可在室温下工作。如何降低非制冷红外传感器的制造成本是该项技术需要突破的主要难题,其中包括降低探测器阵列、红外光学镜片、小型显示器等关键部件的制造成本。非制冷红外传感器有以下广泛的潜在应用: 军事——武器瞄准、搜索、侦察以及用于反恐怖主义者的行动&#59; 执法——警车、监狱监视、遥控搜索、人质救援&#59; 辅助车辆行驶——汽车、公共汽车、卡车&#59; 交通监视——城市干线、桥梁、隧道；海上导航和安全&#59; 铁路——车场设备、铁路桥、隧道的搜索&#59; 机场/飞机——周边和入口防卫、出租车道监视、地面移动控制&#59; 商业设施/建筑的安全保障&#59; 公共安全——消防、公用事业、救护等&#59; 制造处理控制&#59; 环境监视&#59; 医用成像&#59; 预防维护&#59; 野外管理。 在非制冷红外传感器的开发研制方面,ARPA、陆军夜视传感器理事会,陆军导弹司令部、 空军和海军等进行了大量工作。例如陆军导弹司令部对非制冷红外传感器在导弹上的应用进 行了调研,增加了非制冷技术用于导弹的技术研制经费。而空军对该技术评估论证则希望提高 辨别目标的性能。<br /> <br /> 实例之三:智能车交通系统(IVHS)<br /> 为了解决日益增长的交通拥挤问题,世界上一些国家,特别是美国正致力于IVHS的开发工作。IVHS将雷达、<a href="http://ofc.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">通信</a>系统、电子系统和计算机的控制<a href="http://opticaldesign.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">软件</a>等技术结合起来,用以改善公路运输的现有状况,并提高交通干线的安全性和可靠性,如图所示,可以具备近目标探测、出道警告、过交叉路口、防碰撞告警、自适应巡游控制和较好的夜视能力。同样,IVHS在机械化部队作战中,特别是在密集的飞速向前的坦克群作战中将会起到非常重要的作用,所以IVHS是一项值得重视的军民两用技术。 IVHS技术通常分为三大类:先进的交通管理系统(ATMS)、先进的服务于旅游者的信息系统 (ATIS)和先进的车辆控制系统(AVCS)。 <br /> <br /> ①ATMS__这一系统由沿公路设置的交通传感器进行搜索,交通管理中心处理来自传感器的信息,并控制、调节交通流量。在ATMS中,微波工业发展的潜力很大,它使用路边扫描,用微波和红外技术以鉴别交通问题,并警告司机在紧急情况下采取措施。车辆上装有的红外或微波接收机进行辅助导航。 <br /> <br /> ②ATIS__这一系统不仅给司机提供交通阻塞和导航的信息,而且还可提供旅馆、餐馆和地区娱乐场所等信息。这一系统包括前端显示装置、微机、无线电通信和车载天线以及与全球定位系统(GPS)对接的接收机。例如美国投资800万美元实施的TravTek计划,它可提供给司机关于Orlando市的旅馆、餐馆和路线导航指南等。当司机选择好地点后,TravTek还可帮助司机确定最佳路线。 <br /> <br /> ③AVCS__AVCS是最复杂的一部分,它使用防碰撞预警技术。例如用雷达传感器以识别周围车辆和其它障碍物以免碰撞。据一项研究表明,1秒钟的预警时间可防止90%的追尾碰撞和60% 的迎头碰撞。防撞预警的一个例子是车载雷达(VORAD)探测和警戒系统,图3为用于VORAD上的自动毫米波雷达。这一系统将防御雷达技术转换为商业应用,VORAD雷达采用K波段多普勒系统,使用平面型窄波束天线,组合式发射/接收机和一个数字信号处理机。该雷达具有高质量军用雷达的性能结构,而成本却较低。这种低成本系统可在载重车辆所要求的环境下高水平运作,一次可跟踪20个目标。VORAD系统是将军事技术转换为商业应用的典型例子。 <br /> <br /> IVHS具有广阔的市场,美国对此项技术的开发应用非常重视,在经费上大力支持,预计到2001 年将耗资99?5亿美元用于交通管理、旅游者信息、车辆控制系统及其它系统的建设。许多公司也看准这一市场投资开发。西屋电气公司已承包了1亿美元合同的包括车辆控制、旅游者信息、管理系统及商用车辆运作等的研制任务,并且正在研制交通传感器、防碰撞系统及车内电子机动通信等。M/A?COM公司与IVHS技术公司、Allstate保险公司、Eaton公司、AIL系统公司等共同参与IVHS的研究。M/A?COM公司已生产出防碰撞雷达系统安装在2400辆 Greyhound汽车上。Alpha工业公司将提供自动防碰撞系统,该公司的先进技术分部已研制出了频率为77吉赫的GaAs单片发射机,摩托罗拉公司正在传感器、无线电收发机、导航计算机和GPS 接收机等方面进行开发,其中包括手持Traxar GPS导航仪。另外ATT公司计划在Orange County、CA的三条新建公路上安装通信网和电子收费系统。 <br /> <br /> 美国联邦公路管理局(FHWA)对IVHS十分重视,希望加速IVHS产品的开发研制,预计FHWA 每年投资2500万美元用于IVHS研究和开发。 IVHS正在迅速变成现实,IVHS覆盖了许多技术领域,各种军用技术得到综合应用,它将引起交通运输方面的一场革命,其市场潜力将是不可低估的。 <br /> <br /> </td></tr></table> </div> <div id="comment_72917" class="cm"> </div> <div id="post_rate_div_72917"></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="plc plm"> <div 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