Periodically Poled LiNB03 （PPLN）

kaka · 发表于 2008-8-22 16:08:55

Periodically Poled LiNB03 Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is a nonlinear crystal that enables very high efficiency wavelength conversion. It is used for frequency doubling, difference frequency generation, sum frequency generation, optical parametric oscillation, and optical parametric amplification. Since the PPLN crystal must be temperature controlled, we offer a temperature-controlled oven.
for frequency doubling of frequently used wavelengths, such as 980 nm, 1064 nm, 1550 nm, 1600 nm, and 2100 nm. Due to the continued success of the SHG5-1 crystal, designed for doubling short pulses with wavelengths around 1550 nm, Stratophase has been able to increase production volume and therefore reduce cost.

The Wavelength Conversion PPLN crystals for frequency doubling contain multiple gratings, each with a width of 0.5 mm, and are available in standard lengths of 1 mm and 10 mm. Refer to our Specs Tab above for detailed information about these crystals.

Nonlinear optical experiments can easily result in crystal damage from the use of excessive powers. Thorlabs is pleased to offer a low cost polishing and re-coating service to repair surface damage. In addition, custom crystals designed for other frequency doubling and mixing tasks are available upon request. Customization of the SFG PPLN crystals includes alternative lengths (0.2 mm to 40 mm), periods, and AR coating specifications. For more information, or to request a quote, please e-mail or call Tech Support at 973-579-7227.

Our PPLN crystals are supplied pre-mounted for alignment-free insertion into our PPLN temperature controlled ovens so that crystals can be interchanged easily. Accessories for the ovens make them compatible with a wide range of Thorlabs optical mounts, translation stages, and rotation stages. More information about these accessories and mounts are available in the Accessories Tab above.

Please click here for our complete selection of PPLN crystals or refer to our Selection Guide Tab above.

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参考：

提出了在周期极化LiNbO3-光学参量振荡(PPLN-OPO)中伴有四波混频(FWM)的发生,论述了PPLN-OPO中的抽运光λ3(1064 nm),信号光λ1(1500 nm),闲频光λ2(3660.55 nm),信号光λ1的倍频光λ4(750 nm),满足FWM的频率匹配与准相位匹配的条件,初步建立了PPLN-OPO-FWM的过程理论体系,进行了光学系统装置的实验,理论分析与实验结论相吻合.

理论研究了基于PPLN晶体的飞秒光参量放大（OPA）系统中的非共线相位匹配、群速匹配以及宽带参量放大特性,给出了PPLNOPA非共线相位匹配的最佳非共线角和信号光波长,并系统地分析了非共线角对参量带宽的影响。研究表明选取适当的非共线角可以进一步改善带宽

采用波导型PPLN直接倍频连续半导体激光二极管，体积小、重量轻，方便实用。

该文对周期性极化LiNbO<,3>（PPLN）的制备及其二阶非线性光学现象进行了实验研究和理论分析.成功地制备了蓝、绿光倍频PPLN器件,观察到可见光范围内可调谐倍频新现象,提出了一种新的理论分析;同时对采用PPLN和条波导技术制作全光波长转换器的理论、设计和制作进行了研究.

kaka · 发表于 2008-8-22 16:09:57

Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is a nonlinear crystal that enables very high efficiency wavelength conversion. It is used for frequency doubling, difference frequency generation, sum frequency generation, optical parametric oscillation and optical parametric amplification, in addition to other nonlinear processes. PPLN is a robust, transparent crystal that must be temperature controlled when in use. PPLN has been available as a custom device for a number of years; now Thorlabs has teamed up with Stratophase to bring this material to market as standard catalog items.

Principles
Nonlinear crystals use the second order nonlinearity (known as λ(2)) properties of the crystal to mix together three optical waves; the most common example of this is frequency doubling (second harmonic generation, SHG). This is a special case where two input photons having the same wavelength, λ1, generate a third photon at λ1/2. Other nonlinear effects include difference frequency generation where two input photons at λ1 and λ2 generate an output photon at ?generated (1/λgenerated = 1/λ1 – 1/λ2). Additionally, sum frequency generation is where the input photons at λ1 and λ2 generate an output photon at λgenerated (1/ λgenerated = 1/λ1 + 1/λ2). Other processes are possible where one photon is split into two photons of longer wavelength such that energy is conserved.
These parametric processes are different from the first type of nonlinear process because the wavelength of the output is not determined by the input wavelength. In this case the wavelength of the output is selected according to which wavelengths are phase matched. Most materials have slightly different refractive indices at the fundamental and second harmonic wavelengths. This means that as the light travels through the crystal for SHG, light at the fundamental and second harmonic wavelengths become out of phase; such that, second harmonic photons generated at one point in the crystal are out of phase with those generated a few microns further down the crystal. The result is that very little frequency doubled output is obtained. In fact, the intensity of the second harmonic oscillates to zero as the light propagates along the crystal. The conventional way to get around this problem is to phase match the fundamental and second harmonic by carefully picking the direction of light through the crystal so that the natural birefringence of the crystal gives the same refractive index for the fundamental and second harmonic. This is why most conventional crystals have to be carefully angle tuned to achieve optimal conversion efficiency. The drawback of this approach is that not all crystals have suitable birefringence for this method to work at all wavelengths.
The solution to phase matching Lithium Niobate is periodic poling. This technique relies on the fact that if the crystal structure is inverted there is a 180° phase shift in the generated second harmonic light. So, if as the light travels through the crystal the crystal structure is inverted when the generated second harmonic is at a maximum, then second harmonic generated past this point adds constructively to the existing second harmonic. If this is done periodically along the crystal, the intensity of the second harmonic light builds all the way along the crystal, giving very efficient frequency conversion. The period with which the crystal needs to be inverted (the poling period) depends on the wavelengths of the light and temperature. For instance a PPLN crystal with a period of 6.6µm will frequency double 1060nm when the crystal temperature is held at 100°C or 1068.6nm when the temperature is 200°C. So adjusting the temperature allows some tuning of the operation wavelength.

How are PPLN crystals made?
The key to producing PPLN is the poling process. This is the process that inverts the crystal structure. Lithium Niobate is a ferroelectric crystal which means that each unit cell in the crystal has a small electric dipole moment. This dipole is caused by slight offsets in the position of niobium and lithium ions in the unit cell. The application of an intense electric field can invert the crystal structure, rearranging the crystal at an atomic level. The electric field needed to invert the crystal is very large (~22kV/mm), and is applied for only a few milliseconds, after which the periodically reversed structure is permanently imprinted into the crystal structure. To produce PPLN, a periodic electrode structure is deposited on the Lithium Niobate wafer and a voltage is applied to invert the crystal underneath the electrodes. The voltage must be very carefully controlled so that the poled regions are created with the desired shape. The design of the electrodes is also key to producing small period PPLN used for frequency doubling in to the visible. Once poled, the crystals are permanently set into the new pattern.

kaka · 发表于 2008-8-22 16:21:39

http://www.thorlabs.com/Navigation.cfm

kaka · 发表于 2008-8-22 16:25:32

http://www.thorlabs.com/Navigation.cfm?Guide_ID=25

handsomeland · 发表于 2008-8-22 20:52:33

请问楼主代理ThorLabs的产品吗？

kaka · 发表于 2008-8-22 21:28:12

杭州有代理的，坛子里有他们的人

opel · 发表于 2008-11-5 18:45:58

听说好像杭州的不做了，不知现在哪家接手了？

Newfocus · 发表于 2008-11-14 13:41:45

杭州的不做了。我们公司可以做的啊？？？？？？？？？？？？？

opel · 发表于 2008-11-14 21:04:06

请问各位，thorlabs的PPLN有掺杂氧化镁的吗？谁用过或是了解的，请指教。

[ 本帖最后由 opel 于 2008-11-14 21:05 编辑 ]

Periodically Poled LiNB03 （PPLN）

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