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<em>1</em>楼</a> </strong> <div class="pti"> <div class="pdbt"> </div> <div class="authi"> <img class="authicn vm" id="authicon632826" src="static/image/common/online_member.gif" /> <em id="authorposton632826">发表于 2010-3-19 15:00:27</em> <span class="pipe">|</span> <a href="http://bbs.oecr.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=99939&page=1&authorid=80631" rel="nofollow">只看该作者</a> <span class="none"><img src="static/image/common/arw_r.gif" class="vm" alt="回帖奖励" /></span> <span class="pipe show">|</span><a href="http://bbs.oecr.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=99939&extra=page%3D1&ordertype=1" class="show">倒序浏览</a> <span class="pipe show">|</span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="readmode($('thread_subject').innerHTML, 632826);" class="show">阅读模式</a> </div> </div> </div><div class="pct"><style type="text/css">.pcb{margin-right:0}</style><div class="pcb"> <div class="t_fsz"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="t_f" id="postmessage_632826"> 冷原子<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>的意义<br /> 关键词： 冷原子 <br /> <br /> 冷原子物理的意义<br /> <br /> 按照人类对微观世界的认识深入程度划分，当代物理学有三个最主要的研究领域，即粒子物理，原子分子与光物理（AMO）和凝聚态物理。这三个领域的物理学家瓜分了决大多数20世纪50年代以来的诺贝尔物理学奖。<br /> <br /> 就这三个大领域的基础性和应用性来说，原子分子与光物理领域介于其他两者之间。它没有像粒子物理物理那样需要依靠大型实验设备展开基础性探索工作，也没有像凝聚态物理那样把更多的研究方向瞄准于可遇见的应用。因此在原子分子与光物理领域中，许多研究方向的现实意义并不为人所熟知，<a href="http://laser.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">激光</a>冷却技术和冷原子物理就是其中一例。<br /> <br /> 作为这个大领域的最热门方向之一，激光冷却技术冷原子物理领域曾在5年内诞生了两次诺贝尔物理学奖，分别是1997年朱棣文(S. Chu), 科昂-塔努基(C.Cohen-Tannoudji)和菲利普斯(W. Phillips)因发明了激光冷却技术而获奖；以及2001年维曼(C. Wieman)，康乃尔(E. Cornell), 和凯特勒(W. Ketterle)利用激光冷却技术获得玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）而获奖。就连2005年诺贝尔物理学奖的获奖成果也与冷原子物理紧密相关，获奖人之一的汉施 (T. Hansch)也曾是激光冷却思想最早的提出者之一。<br /> <br /> 一个小小的研究领域能这样受到重视，它深层次的研究意义分不开的。冷原子物理领域的开创者们也许不会想到，依靠激光冷却技术获得的超低温原子因为有着其他状态的物质（常温原子）所没有的优势，在可预见的未来将对人类文明发展起到十分关键作用。<br /> <br /> 一、可观测相干的物质波波长<br /> <br /> 微观世界的粒子都具有波粒二相性。德布罗意波（物质波）波长λ＝h/mv，与粒子的动量呈反比。室温原子因为平均速度达到几百米每妙，其德布罗意波长为很小，大约为10-12米量级，原子大多处在不同的量子态上，相干长度很短，难以形成干涉。冷原子最低温度可达到几个纳K，平均速度可达到几厘米每秒，德布罗意波长约为10-7米量级，相干长度很长，能够宏观观测到相干现象。当碱金属原子被大量冷却到最低能态上从而产生玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚时，这些最低能态原子会产生物质波干涉，这是人类第一次观察到事物粒子的物质波干涉现象。<br /> <br /> 主要应用领域：原子干涉仪。<br /> <br /> 干涉<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>技术目前普遍采用的是两束激光之间的干涉。由于光子基本不受重力影响，难以用激光精确测量重力。原子受重力作用十分明显，因此原子干涉仪可以有效低测量重力微小变化，以及引力波等等，将是未来航空航天技术必不可少的设备。<br /> <br /> 二、精确的能级结构<br /> <br /> 原子间的碰撞是原子能级的宽度增宽的主要因素。冷原子由于速度很小温度很低，原子间的碰撞远远少于热原子，因此能级宽度远小于热原子，具有更精确的原子能级结构和更窄的跃迁光谱，这对原子能级以及各种常数的精确测量具有重要意义。国际上已开展冷原子激光放大器的研究，获得了线宽远非常窄，单色性非常好的激光谱线。<br /> <br /> 主要应用：冷原子钟<br /> <br /> 原子钟的精度取决于原子能级的精确程度。目前原子钟主要采用原子精细能级跃迁作为频率标准。由于冷原子的能级精度远远优于热原子，冷原子钟会输出更为精准的频率，因此会将人类的时间精度大幅度提高，对人类的时间标准和距离标准起到革命性的改进，是未来全球定位系统和宇宙空间定位系统的核心技术。目前欧洲“伽利略”全球定位系统计划决定逐步采用冷原子钟，美国也计划应用冷原子钟来大幅度改善GPS系统的性能。冷原子钟的研制将有着极其深远的军事和科技意义。<br /> <br /> 三、单原子的俘获及操控<br /> <br /> 在微观尺度上操纵原子分子，按人类的意愿改变原子分子间的排列组合，长久以来是人类的一个梦想。在凝聚态物理领域前沿的表面物理中，依靠扫描隧道显微镜技术可以移动和控制一些原子的位置，但无法脱离样品表面完成对原子分子的俘获。激光冷却技术恰恰弥补了这个缺陷。例如我们可以利用激光俘获我们需要的原子，再用激光将其输送到需要的地方，组合成新的分子或凝聚态物质。我们甚至可以利用激光俘获大生物分子如DNA等，取代上面某些原子，从而改善动物或人类的基因，这将引起分子生物学上的一次重大革命。<br /> <br /> 目前德国马普学会量子光学研究所（MPQ）的科学家在欧洲核子中心（CERN）启动了一个项目，内容是利用激光冷却技术俘获反氢原子，研究它和氢原子间的异同。这个项目成功之日将是人类控制并利用反物质的开端。<br /> <br /> 四、量子态操控<br /> <br /> 冷原子由于运动速度很慢，能级结构稳定，因此相比热原子具有更为明确的量子态。更利于对它的量子态如外层<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>自旋，原子磁矩等等进行控制。同时冷原子量子态的变化可以反过来控制光信号，完成信息处理过程。目前较为成熟量子态控制的有冷原子电磁感应透明（EIT），相干布居数囚禁（CPT）等等主要应用：量子计算机<br /> <br /> 量子计算的物理实现是量子信息技术面临的最大难题。物理学家曾尝试多种方案，但都无法有效克服系统退相干的问题。冷原子由于相干时间长，量子态更利于操控等优点，已经成为量子计算首要的候选者。量子计算机的出现将是人类科技的一次重要革命，将标志着人类全面步入信息时代，未来的量子芯片很可能是囚禁在某个光子<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">晶体</a>内的冷原子系统，这将是冷原子物理研究对人类文明最辉煌的贡献。<br /> <br /> 除了上述几个方面，未来冷原子物理的研究有可能在其他领域发挥同样的作用，全世界都在不断加大对冷原子物理的研究的投入，相信冷原子物理将大大推动人类文明进程，在人类社会中发挥越来越重要的作用。</td></tr></table> </div> <div id="comment_632826" class="cm"> </div> <div id="post_rate_div_632826"></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="plc plm"> <div id="p_btn" class="mtw mbm hm cl"> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=favorite&type=thread&id=99939&formhash=86cb364d" id="k_favorite" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.href, 'get', 0);" onmouseover="this.title = $('favoritenumber').innerHTML + ' 人收藏'" title="收藏本帖"><i><img src="static/image/common/fav.gif" alt="收藏" />收藏<span id="favoritenumber" style="display:none">0</span></i></a> <a class="followp" 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