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class="pct"><style type="text/css">.pcb{margin-right:0}</style><div class="pcb"> <div class="t_fsz"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="t_f" id="postmessage_1145455"> 光电效应里，<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>的射出方向不是彻底定向的，仅仅大多数都笔直于金属外表射出，与光照方向无关 ,光是电磁波，可是光是高频震动的正交电磁场，振幅很小，不会对电子射出方向发作影响.<br /> 光电效应分为光电子发射、光电导效应和光生伏特效应。前一种表象发作在物体外表，又称外光电效应。后两种表象发作在物体内部，称为内光电效应。<br /> 赫兹于1887年发现光电效应，爱因斯坦第一个成功的解说了光电效应。金属外表在光辐照效果下发射电子的效应，发射出来的电子叫做光电子。光波长小于某一临界值时方能发射电子，即极限波长，对应的光的频率叫做极限频率。临界值取决于金属<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">资料</a>，而发射电子的能量取决于光的波长而与光强度无关，这一点无法用光的动摇性解说。还有一点与光的动摇性相对立，即光电效应的瞬时性，按动摇性<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">理论</a>，假设入射光较弱，照耀的时刻要长一些，金属中的电子才干堆集住满足的能量，飞出金属外表。可事实是，只需光的频率高于金属的极限频率，光的亮度不管强弱，光子的发作都几乎是瞬时的，不超越十的负九次方秒。准确的解说是光必定是由与波长有关的严厉规则的能量单位(即光子或光量子)所构成。<br /> <br /> <br /> 理论开展前史<br /> 光电效应由德国<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>学家赫兹于1887年发现，对开展量子理论起了根本性效果。<br /> 1887年，首先是赫兹（M.Hertz）在证实动摇理论试验中初次发现的。其时，赫兹发现，两个锌质小球之一用紫外线照耀，则在两个小球之间就十分简单越过电花。<br /> 1902年，勒纳（Lenard)也对其进行了研讨，指出光电效应是金属中的电子吸收了入射光的能量而从外表逸出的表象。但无法依据其时的理论加以解说 ；<br /> 1905年，爱因斯坦提出光子假定，成功解说了光电效应，因此取得1921年诺贝尔物理奖。<br /> <br /> 光电效应的分类<br /> 光电效应分为：外光电效应和内光电效应。<br /> 内光电效应是被光激起所发作的载流子（自在电子或空穴）仍在物质内部运动，使物质的电导率发作改变或发作光生伏特的表象。 外光电效应是被光激起发作的电子逸出物质外表，构成真空中的电子的表象。<br /> <br /> 外光电效应<br /> <br /> 在光的效果下，物体内的电子逸出物体外表向外发射的表象叫做外光电效应。<br /> 外光电效应的一些试验规则<br /> a．仅当照耀物体的光频率不小于某个断定值时，物体才干宣布光电子，这个频率叫做极限频率(或叫做截止频率)，相应的波长λ0叫做红限波长。不一样物质的极限频率和相应的红限波长λ0 是不一样的。 <br /> 一些金属的极限波长(单位：埃)：<br /> 铯 钠 锌 银 铂 <br /> 6520 5400 3720 2600 1960 <br /> 2 光生伏特效应<br /> 在光效果下能使物体发作必定方向电动势的表象。根据该效应的器材有光电池和光敏二极管、三极管。<br /> ① 势垒效应（结光电效应）<br /> 光照耀PN结时，若h?≧Eg，使价带中的电子跃迁到导带，而发作电子空穴对，在阻挡层内电场的效果下，电子倾向N区外侧，空穴倾向P区外侧，使P区带正电，N区带负电，构成光生电动势。<br /> ② 侧向光电效应（丹培效应）<br /> 当<a href="http://sensor.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">半导体</a>光电器材受光照不均匀时，光照有些发作电子空穴对，载流子浓度比未受光照有些的大，呈现了载流子浓度梯度，致使载流子分散，假设电子比空穴分散得快，致使光照有些带正电，未照有些带负电，然后发作电动势，即为侧向光电效应。<br /> 详情请查看网站eulike.com，<br /> ③ 光电磁效应<br /> 半导体受强光照耀并在光照笔直方向外加磁场时，笔直于光和磁场的半导体两端面之间发作电势的表象称为光电磁效应，可视之为光分散电流的霍尔效应。<br /> ④ 贝克勒耳效应<br /> 是指液体中的光生伏特效应。当光照耀浸在电解液中的两个相同电极中的一个电极时，在两个电极间发作电势的表象称为贝克勒耳效应。感光电池的作业原理根据此效应。<br /> 内光电效应<br /> 当光照在物体上，使物体的电导率发作改变，或发作光生电动势的表象。分为光电导效应和光生伏特效应（<a href="http://solar.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">光伏</a>效应）。</td></tr></table> <div class="ptg mbm mtn"> <a title="爱因斯坦" href="misc.php?mod=tag&id=2681" target="_blank">爱因斯坦</a>, <a title="物理学家" href="misc.php?mod=tag&id=2296" target="_blank">物理学家</a>, <a title="光电子" href="misc.php?mod=tag&id=629" target="_blank">光电子</a>, <a title="电磁波" href="misc.php?mod=tag&id=3174" target="_blank">电磁波</a>, <a title="电磁场" href="misc.php?mod=tag&id=2262" target="_blank">电磁场</a></div> </div> <div id="comment_1145455" class="cm"> </div> <div id="post_rate_div_1145455"></div> </div> 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